Historic Model Of Science :: essays research papers

The &8216 despairing model&8217 of science is one of the most influential phenomena in history. This surge of value-free knowledge, filled with realism, bold justification, absolute truth and complete objectivity, changed the steering in which the world was perceived and how the future would be viewed. The &8216heroic model&8217 changed the rules and ushered western civilization into a new era, filled with applaudfully shocking scientific surprises. The backlash from the &8216heroic model&8217 was so powerful that it heavily influenced other subjects, such as history. The &8216heroic model&8217 of science was a phenomenon of the western world, during the Enlightenment. This wonder aided in transforming scientists, philosophers and others among them into cultural heroes. Science became a part of home life, when in previous times science was seen as a threat to theology and thus proclaimed as wrong. Once science became a part of life and began to prove and bluntly say things that t he bible and religion could not roll in the hay near to explaining, it became the basis for fact. The &8216heroic model&8217 could easily be blamed for the breakdown of the religious-infested societies that plagued the world. This became very important to everyone involved, which proved to be more people than expected. The &8216heroic model&8217 was an opening for scientist and others to express their opinions without the fear of being ostracized and labeled as a blasphemer. These people were no longer look down upon as sinners, against perfection and religion, yet they were praised for bring truth and secularity to the world. &8220Facts no longer were infested or influenced by religion, the truth was the real truth. &8220It replaced the fear and anxiety that nature once evoked with want inspired by an ordered, harmonious, knowable world. The &8216heroic model&8217 boosted science to a level that nothing else had ever reached or attempted to attain. Science, during the Enlighten ment and consequently afterwards, was use to measure the status of a country and their position of power. If a country was not as advance as another country was in the sciences accordingly that country was obviously not civilized and was beneath the other country. Such as, the economy might be used to determine the status or mundane position of a country today that is how science was used during the Age of Enlightenment. The progression of science and the overwhelming success of the &8216heroic model&8217 not tho yanked science to the forefront, but it also influenced and changed the way history was being perceived and studied.

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Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract extensive international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comaneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Bella Karolyn. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadias perfect scores, the Romanians lost the grand medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon. In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no perennial limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, the re are two distinguish scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the exe...

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Canterbury Tales Essay - Comparing The Wife of Bath Prologue and Tale :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Wife of Bath  Similarities Between the Prologue and the Tale       In The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath seems to be whizz of the more vivacious characters on the pilgrimage.  Dame Alice has radical views about women and marriage in a time when women were expected to be passive toward men.  There atomic number 18 many things consistent between The Wife of Baths prologue and her tale.  The most apparent similarities that clearly depict the comparison between the prologue and the tale are dominance of two women oer their husbands, the duplication of appearance between the old hag and Dame Alice and finally the reality is that the fifth husband and the dub are very alike in personality.  Although there are some contrasts amid the prologue and the tale, the resemblance far outweigh them.                         To comme nce, The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice, is dominant everyplace all five of her husbands and although she struggles with her fifth husband to accumulate the upper hand in the marriage, Dame Alice nevertheless in the end accomplishes her initial intention.  Dame Alice seems to be only authentically happy when she has mastery over her husbands.  They have to willingly hand over this power, consciously or unconsciously,  because without their consent she has a battle on her hands, both challenging the other for ultimate transcendence in the relationship.   The old hag, likewise, gains control over her husband when the knight places her in the governing  position and yet again as seen in the Wife of Baths Prologue, the knight must consent to give up this power in order for the old hag to acquire it, for if he had not given her control of the partnership, both would have continued unhappily.             Subsequently, a second r elationship between the prologue and the tale is the description of  both the old hag and the Wife of Bath, at least physically concerned.   The Wife of Bath describes herself as old and lethargic, But age, allas, that al wol envenime, Hath me biraft my beautee and my pith. (Chaucer line 481-482).  Although the physical description of Dame  Alice is not as unpleasant as the portrayal of the old woman, there is notable mimicry between the two women.  The old woman is described by the knight as, A fouler wight ther may no man devise. (Chaucer line 1005), the old woman also quotes him later as saying she was foul and old (Chaucer line 1219).

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

How a person changes when he or she is confronted by danger or tremendous straining can reveal alot abou thier character. Do they spring into action or do they bow thierhead in defeat? In the novel Lord of the fly by William Golding contains a characternamed whoreson that under goes a drastic change because of the danger and stress that isaround him. In Lord of the Flies a plane evacuating a group of English boys from Britain isshot down over a deserted tropical island. Marooned the boys choose organiseers. Jack ischosen to lead the hunters while another boy named Ralph ios named the groups supremeleader. This is where Jacks change begins. The fact that he is not elected the leader ofthe whole group angers him collectable to the fact that he is older than Ralph. When Ralph,Simon, and Jack go out to explore the island they stumble upon a wild pig. Jack, beingthe leader of the hunters, tries to kill it but is unsucessful. This furthers Jack change ashis anger rises closer to the su rface. Later open hostility shows up between Ralph andJack because Ralph blaims Jack of avoiding work. The same night Jack loses his staying powerwith Piggy and strikes him across the face. At this point his change reaches its half waypoint. After this the degree of Jacks change is displayed througth the amount of teasingthat he directs towards Piggy. Jack shows signs of reverting back to his original statewhen him and Ralph begin to reastablish thier bond while searching for a monster thattwo of the boys claimed to have seen. This does not be long however. Jack begins toquestion Ralphs leadership and bravery and calls him a coward. When the other boysstick with Ralph, Jack becomes enraged. This begins Jacks final examination change. The peak ofthis final change comes when Jack begins to address a dead sows head as The Lord ofthe Flies. From this point on Jack as lost all of his humanity and become no more than ananimal. In his new animal state Jack is responsible for the deaths of Piggy, Simon, and

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

How a person smorgasbords when he or she is confronted by danger or tremendousstress raft reveal alot abou thier character. Do they spring into action or do they bow thierhead in defeat? In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding contains a characternamed squatting that under goes a drastic variety show because of the danger and stress that isaround him. In Lord of the Flies a mat evacuating a group of English boys from Britain isshot down over a deserted tropical island. Marooned the boys choose leaders. Jack ischosen to lead the hunters plot another boy named Ralph ios named the groups supremeleader. This is where Jacks change begins. The point that he is not elected the leader ofthe whole group angers him due to the fact that he is older than Ralph. When Ralph,Simon, and Jack go out to explore the island they stumble upon a wild pig. Jack, beingthe leader of the hunters, tries to kill it but is unsucessful. This furthers Jack change ashis anger rises closer to the s urface. Later open hostility shows up between Ralph andJack because Ralph blaims Jack of avoiding work. The same night Jack loses his temperwith gluttonous and strikes him across the face. At this point his change reaches its half waypoint. After this the degree of Jacks change is displayed througth the amount of teasingthat he directs towards Piggy. Jack shows signs of reverting back to his original statewhen him and Ralph begin to reastablish thier bond while searching for a monster thattwo of the boys claimed to have seen. This does not last considerable however. Jack begins toquestion Ralphs leadership and bravery and c alls him a coward. When the other boysstick with Ralph, Jack becomes enraged. This begins Jacks final change. The peak ofthis final change comes when Jack begins to address a dead sows head as The Lord ofthe Flies. From this point on Jack as lost all of his humanity and become no more than ananimal. In his new animal state Jack is responsible for the deaths of Piggy, Simon, and

Land Opportunity

The American West was viewed as a land of hazard and success for many people of different racial and financial backgrounds during the era between 1865 to 1890. However, the extent of success from the opportunity varied on multiple factors. For the homesteader, opportunity was based upon good weather conditions and hard work but broadly speaking only large scale corporations succeeded. Mining provided little for the average miner large mining industries profited instead.. At some point West was the land of opportunity and at the same time it was not a land of opportunity for native Australian American Indians and Minorities.The Homestead Act of 1862 was one of the most significant and digest events in the westward expansion of the joined States. It gave 160 acres of western land to anyone who promised to work the land for five years. This encouraged many immigrants to come to the United States and help settle the West. But the land was too arid for a homesteader to manage 160 acr es. Life was hard in the west because of the pugnacious environment. They had sand storm and droughts, do impossible for farmers to farm. Very few actually made it work and managed to keep their homesteads.Opportunity was unpredictable for the average person, corporations benefited largely from the West (i. e. railroads). When the transcontinental Railroad was finished in 1869, railroad tycoons realized the opportunity for railroad exploitation and then a railroad boom followed the economic recovery in 1878. Expansion of the railroads brought trade, settlers, and towns. Mining also played a major role during that time period. Gold, Silver, Lead, Copper, Zinc were traded with other countries which helped our nations economy.Ethnocentrism was the root of the problem for Native Americans and contributed their downfall and their loss of land and livelihood. Indians were pushed off their native lands onto reservations. Immigrants struggled to reach equal work standards and pay as white s. In conclusion, at some point American West land helped build up United States economy. Railroad made it easier for people to travel and to trade with other countries easily. But Homestead Act made it impossible for people to farm because of the the bad soil.

Vygotsky’s Socio Cultural Learning Applied to Teaching

VYGOTSKYS SOCIO CULTURAL LEARNING INTRODUCTION Who is Lev Vygotsky? Birth Lev Vygotsky was born November 17, 1896 Death He died June 11, 1934. Vygotskys betimes Life Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha, a city in the western region of the Russian Empire. He attended Moscow State University, where he graduated with a degree in law in 1917. He studied a range of topics white attending university, including sociology, linguistics, psychology and philosophy. However, his formal work in psychology did non begin until 1924 when he attended the Institute of Psychology in Moscow and began collaborating with Alexei Leontiev and Alexander Luria.Vygotskys C beer Lev Vygotsky was a prolific writer, publishing sise books on psychology topics over a ten year period. His interests were quite diverse, but often centered on topics of babe development and education. He in like manner explored much(prenominal) topics as the psychology of art and lyric development. Lev Vygotsky is considered a semin al thinker in psychology, and much of his work is still being discovered and explored today. fleck he was a con transient of Skinner, Pavlov and Piaget, his work never attained their level of eminence during his lifetime.Part of this was because his work was often criticized by the Communist Party in Russia, and so his writings were largely inaccessible to the Western world. His premature death at age 38 also contributed to his obscurity. Despite this, his work has continued to grow in influence since his death, inciteicularly in the fields of develop kind and educational psychology. http//psychology. about. com/od/profilesmz/p/vygotsky. htm What is Sociocultural Theory? http//www. docslide. com/vygotskys-sociocultural-theory/This theory stresses the interaction surrounded by developing pile and the culture in which they live. Sociocultural theory states that childrens carrying and cognitive development is a result of social interactions with to a greater extent knowledgeable o thers and their culture. Children learn look and ways of thinking from interactions with others. Sociocultural theory is an emerging theory in psychology that looks at the important contributions that society makes to person development. This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live.Vygotsky explained aras in how social processes form learning and thinking. The areas are * The Social Sources of Individual thinking * The role of Cultural tools in Cognitive Development * The role of Language in cognitive development We leave al mavin also discuss how we coffin nail apply Vygotskys theory to pedagogics through * Assisted learning Scaffolding and Zone of proximal Development. The Social Sources of Individual thinking Vygotsky believed that the social source of individual thinking is their interactions with people who are more capable or advanced in their thinking.He assumed that every function in a childs cultural development ap pears twice. First, it appears in an interpsychological way and thus in an intrapsychological way. Interpsychological means on the social level interaction with others. Intrapsychological means on the individual level or inside the child. high mental processes first come about through a co-constructed process between people during shared activities and then posterior on it is internalized by the scholar.For example, the knead of problems during class group discussions, a student may not know how to solve the problem before but after the group discussion and the abet provided by all members of the group, he is able to solve the problem on his own. In other words, the steps of solving the problem have been grasped by the individual and he is now able to solve the problem on his own. This problem solving process has been adopted by the learner and now it has become part of the learners cognitive development. So for Vygotsky, social interaction is not merely an influence on a p erson but also a staircase to higher mental processes.Vygotsky unlike Piaget believed that the more knowledgeable others fosters the cognitive development of children because of the childrens interactions with such people who are more advanced in thinking, experiences and behavior. These people can be their parents and their teachers. Cultural Tools and Cognitive Development mortempo. net donsmaps. com What are cultural tools? These consist of the real tools and the symbolic tools that allow people to communicate, solve problems, think and take over new knowledge.The real cultural tools can be the abacus which is commonly used by the Chinese, rulers, printing presses, scales for measuring weight and modern tools such as what we mainly use computers, cell phones, calendars, clocks or wrist watchers and the internet to name a few. The symbolic tools can be numbers and the mathematical system. The Roman numerals are an example of a symbolic tool that is widely used today. Sign langu age and Braille system for the blind, maps, works of art, signs and codes and language which is the some integral part of acquiring knowledge and learning which contributes greatly to cognitive development.These tools are used by adults in a day to day pedestal and are taught to the young and passed down to younger generations. Today, people use modern technology such as computers and the internet to find information that they need and they acquire new knowledge from such real tools. Vygotsky emphasized that these tools are what the young use to make sense of what is around them. He also believed that higher mental processes are accomplished through the help of language, signs and symbols. He concentrated mainly on language which is a common factor to all societies.The Role of language In the case of language acquisition, children learn to associate sound with meaning or actions. Talking is one of the earliest cognitive developments in a child How a child associates the sound wit h an action or what something means. Another way is through private spoken communication. Have you watched a child play with a spiel and talk to himself at the same time? Studies have found that children who frequently talk to themselves at play or any other time learn challenging tasks more effectively than children who seldom use private speech.Later on in life, private speech is no more said out blaring but becomes silent. For example, when trying to fix something or when you are attempting a critical thinking question do you silently talk to yourself during the process? Or when you are in bad situation some people mutter swears to themselves either out loud or in silence. These are just examples of private speech and how it relates to cognitive development. Furthermore, communication with more knowledgeable others are done through language. Here is where the role of the teacher, parents and peers comes in.They serve as guides and mentors in providing the support and informat ion that the learner needs in intellectual development. All these guidance and support is communicated through language. But we have to be mindful that not all learning takes correct through talking. In some cultures, notice of a skilled performance is sufficient enough to guide the learner. For example, mat weaving, dancing, and sewing involve more observance than relating myths and legends through speech. These are some ways according to Vygotsky, in which language helps in cognitive development and learning.Implications of Vygotskys theory to Teaching The Zone of Proximal Developmentwww. glogster. comThis is an implication of Vygotskys theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens learning take place when they are working within this zone. What is this zone of proximal development? It is the level of development today above the present level of the learner. Tasks within this zone of proximal development are ones that a learner cannot tackle alone but only with temporary assistance from teachers and peers who are known to be more knowledgeable.This zone describes tasks that a learner has not yet mastered but will master later on after all the assistance that will be provided. This is where the idea of scaffolding comes in to place. Scaffoldingurpages. com. auScaffolding is the assistance provided by teachers, peers and parents to the learner. This is just the support provided to the learner at early stages but as the learner is more capable the learner is left to tackle the problem or the task alone. For example, the teacher can kick the bucket problems for the students to solve.Before the students are able to solve the problems, the teacher will be assisting the students by showing them the steps that need to be taken in to consideration in solving the problem. Once that assistance is given, the teacher then leaves students to solve the problem on their own. Once a student gets the answer wrong the teacher then assists the student again. So here the teacher intervenes only when the need arises but does not solve the problems for them. Application of Vygotskys theory to Teachingoisbengaluru. blogspot. omTeachers should allow for group activities where more capable students are grouped together with the less capable ones. * Apply scaffolding in teaching methods so that students learn to be responsible and not be spoon fed most of the time by the teacher. * Reciprocal teaching where the teacher starts up a discussion by asking questions on materials that require reading and then turn over the responsibility of the discussion to the students * Teacher must prepare a lesson plan which includes activities that not only can be performed individually but which involves the help of others. Allow for activities where students interact with each other such as games, group work, class picnics and social nights etc. This will help develop their social skills and self-confidenceConclusionIn conclusion, Vygotskys theory is widely practiced today. He believed that children learn through their interactions with more skillful people this can be their peers, parents and teachers. He also believed that culture shapes the mind of people and their view towards what is around them.Cultural tools help people make sense of the world in which they live. Language is one such tool in which contributes greatly to cognitive development. Providing the idea of scaffolding in teaching will help students to be responsible independent learners. Therefore, winning in to consideration Vygotskys theory will help us as future teachers to be aware of what teaching methods that we should implement and how we should deal with students effectively in regards to their learning and task performance and also how to enhance their social skills. Reference * Slavin, R, Educational Psychology Theory and Practice, 7ed(2003), Pearson Education Limited, USA, pgs 43-47. * Woolworth, A, Educational Psychology,8ed(2001), Allyn and Bacon, Pearson Education Co, US A, pgs 44-51 * https// identifys. google. com/site/jfielportfolio/philosophystatement * www. docslide. com * http//psychology. about. com/od/profilesmz/p/vygotsky. htm * www. glogster. com * www. donsmaps. com * www. oisbengaluru. blogspot. com * www. urpages. com. au * Lecture notes

Road Carnage in Africa

Hot Topic Road cam strokes (Carnage) in Kenya. How organizations can contribute to contend this imminent Human and Economic crisis. Table of Contents 1. Introduction to thoroughfare possibilitys in Kenya2 2. The main turn ups with highway accidents5 3. Other subsidiary issues7 4. The effect of road accidents to argumentationes and the deliverance 8 5. Prep be to manage road rubber eraser contests in an nerve 10 6. Dealing with ethical and legal issues 13 7. Future implications if issue is non addressed 15 8. Bibliography17 1. IntroductionLast stratum, 1 day before Christmas day, the Kenya Traffic legal philosophy led by the Police Commissioner, Mr Mathew Iteere launched yet an other(a) national Road Safety Campaign aimed at curbing road accidents during the holidays and cutting the holiday period road accidents rate by 50% from the tradition eminent of 200-300 accidents that happen during that period from 24 December to 5 January (Daily Nation, 24th December 2009). I n his Christmas message, The Police Commissioner regretted that most road accidents in Kenya can be avoided (even eliminated). He noted that road accidents are mainly caused by carelessness ( kind-hearted error and scurvy judgement) y road substance abusers. He singled out over-speeding, over-loading, none use of the natural rubber belts and disregard of the Highway Code as the most abused relations rules like a shot. In his widely televised message, he issued a warning to careless drivers and directs the traffic police (blue boys) to act on those that abuse the traffic rules. much(prenominal) a road safety crackdown is not new in the 46-year ancient post- independence Kenya. But those actions should be strengthened and be made into routine practices that have a foresighteder durationframe enabling one to build the much needed sustainability.Its a widely known fact worldwide that road accidents exist huge amount of money let alone the lost human resources especially to the developing and undeveloped economies (WHO & earthly concern pious platitude p impoverished, 2004). The combined human and economic cost is simply not acceptable to light countries that want to boost the standard of living of their studyity population with very scarce resources. According to a recent report done jointly by the realism Bank and the World Health government activity (WHO) on road traffic injury prevention, road accident statistics are quickly becoming the global catastrophe as shown below. 1. 2 m swooningion pot are estimated to die globally each year on our roads. Thats around 3,000 deaths daily of which 500 of them are children. ? 50 million people are estimates to be wound globally on road injuries each year, 15 million seriously. ? Developing countries account for more that 85% of the global death bell from road traffic crashes or accidents. ? The global financial cost of road traffic injuries is virtually 518 billion USD each year (about 2-4% of GDP). Such is cost is same to 50% of the GDP of Africa the continent (Kenya Statistics, 2004). For males aged 15-44, road traffic injuries rank second ( later on HIV/AIDS) as the leading cause of premature death and ill health worldwide. ? By 2020, unless action is taken, road traffic injuries are predicted to rise to about 80% in low and middle income countries especially developing countries (WHO and World Bank report, 2004). Clearly, it is as difficult to accurately determine the economic burden of Africas road traffic accidents, as it is to collate accident data in the first base place. There are the problems of at a lower place-reporting to contend with, as well as different countries adopting different criteria e. . defining a road traffic accident fatality (Odero & Heda, 2003). around countries define a fatality as one occurring on the scene, others for periods of 24 hours, three days or 30 days after the event (Bamburi Cement, 2009). like a shot road accidents are Africas th ird biggest killer, after Malaria and HIV/AIDS (WHO & World Bank, 2004) Africas roads are the most dangerous in the world, but with a festering awareness of the true cost of road accidents, initiatives are underway to dramatically rectify their safety.Road traffic accidents are known to be a major cause of death and disability doneout the developing world, but nowhere is the problem as acute as sub-Saharan Africa. Bad roads, aged vehicles and unaffixed regulations are all considered major contributing factors to Africas road fatality and accident numbers, themselves three times as great as the continents share of motor vehicles. Its this nationally critical issue that we want to study and propose urgent remedial actions for organisations as well as non-governmental organisations operating in Kenya. . The main issues with road accidents in Kenya The key issues with the road accidents and road injuries in Kenya are not new. For our literature review, Kenya has had a long history o f road safety initiatives that have not lived to deliver the much needed breakthrough results. In 1979 a National Road Safety project was initiated and implement with funding from the Finnish government, though few results can be seen 30 years later (Kenya Roads Board, 2009). Kenya looses about 3,000 persons every year through road accidents annually.About 13,000 people are injured of which 6,000 are seriously injured and need long term checkup treatment (Saidi & Kahoro, 2001). Most of the people who die on road accidents are compromising road users. These intromit pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists (Kenya Police, Traffic department). The majority of most of the people losing their lives are the green people, young graduates who provide the much needed skills and human resources base the field and organisations are in dire need of.A common question not asked is why educate and train a professional for over 16 years, then lose him / her on the road just before he can be us eful to the country or a billet organisation. First, after a critical review on all road safety initiatives in Kenya, we find 3 main issues that we believe clearly explain the poor road safety record for the past 20-30 years. 1. What to do we know what to do, but we have trouble implementing it 2. Implementation the challenge with implementation is due to lack of potentiality at 4 main levels Inadequate Human resources Inadequate Financial resources Lack of knowledge Lack of political exit 3. Collaboration Is it then doable to build a Private Public Sector Partnership Program (PPSPP) which will implement road safety measures that can make a expiration to the nation and make Kenyan roads a safer place for our children and the future generation? Secondly, the economic cost to the country is indeed very significant (WHO & World Bank, 2004). As noted earlier, the average cost of the road accidents and resulting injuries is about 2-4% of GDP per annum.In 2009, the IMF assessed the Kenya economy GDP to be about 30 billion USD, a 2% cost per annum will translate to 600 million USD (estimated about 50 billion Kenya Shillings in one single year). Its not doubt that such(prenominal) colossal amount of wasted expenditure only comes second to the annual recurrent expenditure allocated in the annual budget to Education and Health budgets (Ministry of Finance, 2008). Such a burden has huge implication on the ability of the economy to meet its needs from meagre resources that are available for nation building.Thirdly, we have a populace firmament that does not see road transport and accidents as a key issue as long as it does not reach them or their families. This perspective does undermine either tangible progress in road safety initiatives as its created no sense of ownership on role as a general public (Kenya Police, Traffic department). 3. Other issues on road accidents in Kenya While the main issues have been addressed under section (3) above, the other i ssues that must be addressed include the following ? Lack of a clear policy on road transport (review of the old traffic act is now mandatory).A clear policy will create guidelines to administer and manage the road safety roadmap. ? Poor enforcement of existing traffic rules particularly by the enforcement officers, mainly the traffic police. ? Rampant corruption within the traffic department. Corruption is perhaps the single largest bottleneck to enforcing the traffic rules and does in a way create an impunity culture for PSV drivers on our roads today (Transparency International, Kenya chapter, 2008). ? Lack of a clear ownership between the public sector and the private sector on the framework to deal with road carnage. A guideline which included an approved curriculum on training and licencing of all types of drivers. ? How to develop an axis to think the public to take care and protect their lives and those of other road users. 4. The effect of road accidents to organisations O ur research shows that road accidents do not respect any business entities, indeed their implications transverse all business organisations. Both private and public institutions face the full blunt of road carnage in different shipway as shown below ? Loss of critical human resources and talents in organisationsThe primary age group heavily impacted by the road accidents are the young people between the ages of 15 44. This is usually the young professional age group that provides the much needed human resources in organisations. Road accidents take remote the much needed source of talent as well as the future leaders in organisations (WHO & World Bank, 2004). ? Higher direct cost of doing business in the country Loss of lives through accidents results in increased business be, organisations face twain short term and long term treatment and medical expenses.The severe injuries require more long term medical costs that result in increased medical premiums and medical costs for an organisation. On the other hand, the lost man-hours cannot easily be compensated especially in the case of a fully trained, qualified and proficient staff member. ? Higher indirect cost of doing business compared to other countries In modern day settings, injuries to family members created more demand for employees, particularly if an employees relative suffers injuries after an accident. Such strain impacts on employees morale and ability to dedicate all his abilities to get his / her work done.In addition, accidents results in increases cost of road transport (through higher insurance premiums, higher raise consumption and delays due to traffic congestion after accidents). The business partner involved in an accident has increased cost of losing an plus, which in most cases is indirectly passed onto the organisations. For government organisations e. g. public health hospitals (Kenyatta National Hospital), higher accident victims results in higher operating expenses which have t o be funded by the central government through increase of taxes on an annual basis. Unpredictable business intendning Businesses rely on predictable business environment to remain profitable and continue with their operations (Kumar & Subramanian, 2000, p. 1). Road accidents hinder the predictability of the business environment through delayed delivery timeliness and increased turn-around time for organisations. In nearly all cases, these additional costs must be paid for in full by the organisations in question, resulting to lost productivity, efficiency and profitability. 5. How can organisations better manage the road safety challengeWhen we talked to a number of organisations in Nairobi, we notice how heavily they have invested in state of art security and alarm systems to protect their assets (money, machines, organisational documents, policies, trademarks and patents etcetera), but few if any have developed even a simple structure to safeguard the safety of their employees d ate on the road. Its important to also include human resources as a critical resource for the organisation. A great proportion of companies have not developed sound plans to safeguard their most important asset (human resources), especially when they are on the road travelling while on the Job.While road safety from the office to work is largely seen as an issue for the employee to manage, its paramount that organisations and their management teams provide a clear framework to provide their employees with a road safety roadmap that will enhance their vigilance while on the road to and from work. People are the greatest asset an organisation can have today. Good employees are a source of competitive service for an organisation (Samson & Daft, 2009). A glimpse of the few organisations that have designed an effective road safety program in Kenya today especially, petroleum companies (e. g.Total Kenya and Bamburi Cement) highlights about 5 step action plan to set an effective road safe ty roadmap. Each organisation needs a clear roadmap which if well implemented and incorporated in the organisation systems, will lead to improvement of safety in most of our roads today and safe companies lost man hours, loathsome leave, absenteeism and higher medical bills. 1. Collect data At the beginning, the organisation should assess its specific road safety context by collecting road accident statistics (road fatalities, lost time injuries, medical injuries, and first-aid injuries) and define what is measurable.The data collected should then be analysed into critical information to aid in decision making. Second the organisation should define a road safety policy with clear milestones and key objectives to be monitor lizarded on a monthly basis. A regular and consistent observe mechanism should be designed by the organisation, to review its progress of its road safety objective. 2. Develop a road safety plan A road safety roadmap is a mandatory document for any organisation committed to ending the carnage on our roads today.The roadmap should be a well proper and elaborate plan of action on what the organisation wants to do in improving its road safety commitment and objectives. These action plans must address the challenges on policy, enforcement, ownership, and training and self renewal priorities for the organisation. 3. Resource the road safety plan A plan is ineffective without key resources being allocated to it. The organisation should identify and sufficiently allocate two main types of resources (1) Financial resources and (2) Human resources (competent and well trained resources. . Launch urgent interventions A key lever for a road safety action plan is to address current major gaps with immediacy to build legitimacy in the roadmap. The key areas that require immediate intervention are on- ? Speed ? Impaired driving ? Seat belts ? Helmets ? Road mapping ? Defensive driving training ? Emergency preparedness 5. Collaborate with others Finally the organisation should plan to share its best practices with other institutions as a way to benchmark performance and renew its practices both on local, regional and international levels.With increased collaborationism and partnership with the public sector, with a shared vision, the challenge of the road accidents and injuries will be addressed head-on by all stakeholders hence creating a sustainable avenue to address this great challenge facing organisations in the 21st century. 6. Ethical and Legal Issues The key challenges towards realising an effective road safety program in any organisation is how candid data collected or observed will be shared across the organisations so that corrective actions (that may include sanctioning) can be applied.Most of the major changes in safety awareness remain with our culture (way of doing things here) or on changing individual behaviour and victorious a personal commitment to protecting other people lives. Some of the common ethical dile mmas that managers face include the following ? Can i report the Chief Executive, Senior Managers or a friendly colleague who i noted did not adhere to the companys guidelines e. g. driving while address on mobile phone on the road? Will this affect my career or my relationship with my supervisor? Can staff be mandatory to use the Alco-blow to detect the influence of alcohol (though this is not yet legalised in Kenya)? ? Can staff carry out safety initiatives away from the office e. g. monitor staff travelling for a weekend to upcountry and are not wearing seat belts? ? Can we terminate an employee who does not comply with the organisations code of mete out on safety? ? Should i disclose an accident or should i bribe the traffic policeman to be left scot-free. A reported accident my injure my career opportunities and limit subsequent promotion changes in future.On the legal side, the main challenge remains how to deal with corruption (so called white lies) both within and outside the organisation. ? Internally, this may not be a great issue as staff can be directly sanctioned in the line with staff standing instructions and their employment contract. ? However, externally the issue with corruption (rather falsification of accident information so as not be appear guilty) is a major setback for enforcing a successful road safety roadmap. According to Transparency International, the police department has year after year been rated as the most corrupt institution in Kenya.Can they be relied upon to book violation of a driver, pedestrian or other road user fairly and equitably? This remains a key component that requires constant collaboration and use of other tools e. g. global positioning systems (GPS) to address rampant cases of deception on the part of employees (Transparency International, Kenya chapter report, 2008). 7. Conclusion In conclusion, there is no doubt that road accidents results in huge human and economic cost to our relatively poor country (WHO & World Bank, 2004).The lives that are lost on our roads every year are critical to achieve the economic objectives of the country and organisations as well. in addition the country has to save money to be spent towards treating road injury victims rather than providing such much needed funds to other areas of economic ontogeny e. g. to fund projects like free primary education (FPE), improve our road network (build and repair our roads) and provide the much needed medical facilities in public hospitals (equip public hospital better).As a country we cannot afford to lose 2% of annual GDP (about KShs 50 billion) on road accidents, related injuries and long term medical treatment to accident victims. If accidents can be avoided, these resources can be allocated to other critical areas of the economy and organisations can be able to improve their productivity and become more responsible citizens. The medium term impact on the economy is indeed catastrophic and as a country we will n ot be able to meet our vision 2030 to becoming an industrialised nation.Its time for all Kenya, young and old to participate to improve their safety standards in our roads and make Kenya a safer country for our children future. As a nation we owe this to the future generations of this country. As noted by the World Bank and the World Health Organisation in 2004, unless action is taken, by the year 2020, road traffic injuries are predicted to rise to about 80% in low and middle income countries (developing countries). Our country will not be spared if it does not take immediate and more radical actions to manage the road safety issue.At todays road accident frequency rate, road accidents will become the 2nd largest cause of death after Malaria in Kenya by the year 2020 and overcome HIV/AIDS as the 2nd largest killer (WHO & World Bank, 2004). This is confirms our recommendation that as a country we are sitting on a time bomb. Today is the time for you and me to develop our solid acti on plan, put these actions into practice and contribute towards improving the safety in our roads. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. WHO & World Bank. (2004). World report on road traffic injuries prevention. Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http//www. ho. in/violence-injury-prevention. html 2. The Kenya Roads Board. Road accident statistics (2009). Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http//www. krb. go. ke. html 3. Bamburi Cement limited. Road safety campaign Epuka Ajali (2009). Accessed on 31 December 2009 from http//www. bamburicement. co. ke. html 4. Kenya Police. Traffic department. Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http//www. kenyapolice. go. ke. html 5. Kenya Statistics. (2004. ) Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/kenya-statistics. html 6. Odero, W. K. & Heda, P. M. (2003).Road traffic injuries in Kenya, magnitude, causes and status of intervention. Inj Control saf promotion, Mar-June 10 (1-2). Pg 53-61 7. Saidi, H. S. & Kahoro, P. (2001). Experience with road traffi c accidents violations at the Nairobi Hospital. East Africa Medical Journal, 78 (8). Pg 41-44 8. Samson, D & Daft, R. D. (2009). Fundamentals of Management. 3rd Asia pacific Ed. Pg 170-206. 9. Kumar, K. & Subramanian, R. (1998). Navigating the External Environment. SAM Advanced management journal. Retrieved December 14, 2009 from HighBeam Research http//www. highbeam. com/doc/1P1-5377780. html

Classical Analysis

Alyssa Huskinson COMS 100B, Fall 2012 8 October 2012 Classical Analysis In an Absolut World Absolut vodka is based on calciferol years of tradition originating in Sweden. Under the original name Absolut rent branvin, which means absolutely pure vodka, Absolut was introduced in the United States in 1979 and since has become sensation of the mans most famous spirits. The advertisement campaign, In an Absolut World, was just another successful entry in the companys advertisement history, and Absolut advertising continues to be recognized as pure genius (cite).The purpose of the In an Absolut World campaign was to convey the idea that Absolut is indeed in a area of its own. The campaign challenges customary view points by presenting a refreshing optimistic perspective of everyday life, in a human of its own. One specific artifact, called the travel piece, illustrates a few people leaving a bar and having to navigate the aisles of persuasion by choosing which cab to take root (sin ce, in this particular world t here(predicate) is a sea of taxis from which to choose).The question to be answered remains what if everything in the real world was a little more Absolut and staring(a)? The message presented across the various examples within the campaign remains constant, as to reveal a work of art, for the interview to explore and communicate within the world of Absolut. Kenneth Burke (year) specify the rhetorical function of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols (p. ).If this campaign sparks any chemical reaction in beings, then according to Burke, in an Absolut/absolute world, the power of language is identification. This campaign visually indentifies the language of the text as being luminescent, while ask a question about what would happen if everything in the real world could be perfect. The allure of Absolut vodka captivates the audience by conveying a unique invitation to be a part of the Absol ut World. With the inception of the Internet and increased availability, advertisements have the opportunity to influence society in a tremendous way.In these advertisements, Drinkers are invited to imbibe in an Absolut World, a fanciful, even surreal, place where frequent sense prevails and just deserts are always on the menu, (Elliot, 2007, p. ). The advertisements in the campaign were created to show the view of Absoluts World, so that the consumer has the opportunity to respond and react. Youve given us a somewhat abrupt transition from campaign-level (general) to artifact-level (specific)try to ease me into it a bit more gently.I call up a new paragraph is in order as well. The basis of the content in the artifact being analyzed here represents an example of the perfect world as Absolut sees it in this example, a parking lot is full of taxis lined up and ready to go, and the patrons of the bar have multiple options for transportation crime syndicate (none of which include driving themselves). The scene in this artifact takes place at night, under the glow of the street lights, which capture the mystic notion of the evening lifestyle.The taxis here are symbols for transportation, but they alike portray the message of the Absolut World. This last statement is quite powerful, but I dont feel as if you demonstrable it enough to leave it alone yet. What do you mean that they portray the message? Heres what I THINK youre saying the taxis are how we acknowledge that we are viewing an idealized world, not the real world. In an idealized world, no one who enjoyed Absolut would have to worry about how she/he would get home seriously, because the taxis would be there.The taxis deliver to real viewing audience and the fictional people in the artifact. This powerful campaign provides a framework for the culture of Absolut to establish a several(predicate) viewpoint about the world in which people live not only does this campaign function on multiple busine ss levels, but it also speaks to consumers on a personal level by capturing pure emotions. This artifact depicts the desire for the perfect life. If taxis were always available, then would there be less intoxication and driving? Could the Absolut world be the answer to drinking and driving?Given the opportunity, would people still take taxis home from the bar or use a designated driver, or is this notion of absolute safety real only In an Absolut world? According to the Center for complaint and Control (year), U. S. drivers got behind the wheel subsequently drinking too much about 112 million times in 2010 of those 112 million, 4 out of 5 men were responsible (81%) for that statistic. I think you should mention here that one way to ensure a complete end of drinking and driving would be to end drinking however, such a beginning would be ighly negative to Absoluts bottom line, which is why a perfect world according to Absolut still has drinking in it. The fact that they would igno re one solution to the social problem (drinking and driving) while advocating a second solution calls their credibility (ETHOS) into question, which also damages the effectiveness of the artifact. Dont forget to connect to your manner Given the description, then, doing things diametrically can lead to extraordinary growth. Absoluts message promotes a different impression of the brand.To establish this kind of message, it can be judge that it is useful to recall the past and to make guesses at the future (Stoner & Perkins, 2005). The In an Absolut World campaign comes from a credible company the new campaign started after the successful 25 year run of another campaign, Absolut _______ (which included memorable pieces such as _____ and _____) (cite). Its another point about ethos, as removed as I see it. Absolut built on the credibility it had from the Absolut ______ campaign to convince the audience to accept the Absolut World concept. Ciceros canon of invention proves to be a u seful lens with which to view and understand the artifact given that the purpose of the piece is persuasion, the rhetor uses pathos and logos to enhance the oblige (in addition to the antecedently mentioned ethos that is also used). The need for a sober driver in any given situation is a logical argument. As indicated by the artifacts warning to Enjoy with Absolut Responsibility, the company knows that drinking and driving leads to X deaths in the United States annually (cite).Absoluts advocacy for a world where drinking and driving never mix is a suggestion based upon sound logic, and Absolut hopes the audience will respond favorably to that logic. Also, the artifact maintains a call of action to join forces the Absolut Worldand in this perfect world, the creators ask their consumers to maintain the illusion. According to the New Scientist article, persuasion is a key element of all human interaction, from politics to selling to everyday dealings with friends, family and colleag ues. Persuasion is a basic form of social interaction, says Eric Knowles (year), or a way in which people build consensus and a common purpose (p. ). Therefore, Absolut needs those who view the artifact to be persuaded not just to buy Absolut vodka, but also to believe in Absoluts version of the world, in an attempt to bring that Absolut world to reality. Such lofty goals require expert use of ethos, pathos, and logos. According to Kenyon and Hutchinson (2007), Absolut advertisements include various socio-cultural references.The artifact simultaneously requests the responsibility of viewers in the real world, and celebrates the responsibility of the participants in the Absolut world. Again, a really elegant point, but the explanation that followed, the part you wrote (and I deleted), did not help make that large point concrete. Instead, you should point to pathos. The people in the Absolut world are presented as smart, responsible, and fun (you would include examples from the text to make that pointthey are smiling and safewhatever).The viewer in the real world wants to be seen as smart, responsible, and fun. Absolut creates here a feeling of wanting to be included and celebrated, which once again draws the audience closer to the brand. Absolut vodka has managed to maintain (and grow) the brands credibility, the emotions of the audience, and the logic of the message therefore, the In an Absolut World taxi artifact is a successful example that builds a world of its own.This campaign and this artifact specifically make the viewer excited about the perfect world, while accepting and participating in the real world. Thus, the artifact has twain results the viewer feels positive about Absolut and may choose Absolut over another vodka brand, and the viewer might choose to embrace the Absolut world and the Absolut responsibility of avoiding drinking and driving. Would it really be so bad if the Absolut World intertwined with reality?Life is not designed to be easy , but if in fact it was the perfect, then imagine how different society would be. Alyssa, you have lovely ideasyou just need to work on making the ideas full and complete, and then making sure your organization is seamless and smooth. +168/200. full treatment Cited Burke, G. K. (1932) Towards a Better Life Being a Series Epistles or Declamations, a Novel, Harcourt, Brace and Company Ltd. CDC Features Drinking and Driving A Threat to Everyone. (n. d. ). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. cdc. gov/Features/VitalSigns/DrinkingAndDriving Eight ways to get exactly what you want life 07 May 2008 New Scientist. (n. d. ). Science news and science jobs from New Scientist New Scientist. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. newscientist. com/article/mg19826551. 400-eight-ways-to-get-exactly-what-you-want. html Elliot, S. (2007, April 27) In an Absolut World, a Vodka Could Use the Same Ads for More Than 25 Years, The New York Times . Retrieved Oct. 3, 2012. www. nytimes. com. Kenyon, J.A. , & Hutchinson, L. P. (2007) Exploring rhetoric alcohol and Absolut Vodka advertisements, British Food Journal, Vol. 109 Iss 8, pp. 594 607. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2012. www. emeraldinsight. com. Stoner, R. M. , & Perkins, J. S. (2005). Making Sense of Messages A Critical Apprenticeship in Rhetorical Criticism, California State University pearsonhighered. com/educator/academic/product/0,3110,0205564518,00. html The official ABSOLUT website. (n. d. ). The official ABSOLUT website. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. absolut. com

Candidate Performance Evidence Record For Holistic Assessment Essay

Understand the importance of speech, language and communication for baberens over either break inment. let off each of these termsSpeech Communication via verbal means. The stratagem of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or perceptions by the articulation of words.Language Communication of thoughts and feelings through systematic signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.Communication To give-up the ghost is to be able to convey thoughts, information or feelings using signals, speech, body language, or by the written word.Speech, language and communication reads A squirt who is diagnosed with a SLCN is experiencing a communication breakdown due to a difficulty with unrivaled or much(prenominal)(prenominal) of the different elements of speech, language or communication. This may be a minor, temporary or a long-term difficulty, which requires extra assistance to comport the baby birds development acquires.Explain how speech, language and communi cation skills support each of the mentioning beas in infantrens developmentLearning, Speech and language skills allows a child to communicate and develop their skills. This enables them to participate in consummationivities and allows them to share their opinions and develop their own ideas.Emotional, Speech and language skills enables a child to communicate how theyre feeling effectively. This serve ups towards their own social development and it also enables them to convey their emotions in a more socially accepted way.Behaviour, speech and language skills enable a child to learn and understand boundaries and limits. This assists a child to learn to be constitute in an appropriate and acceptable way.Social, Speech, language and communication skills support social development as a child can start to recognise how others feel by watching their body language and listening to what they say and learn to ad save their behaviour accordingly. Children also start to understand social codes and how to behave appropriately. This helps children to start to beat relationships with their peers and learn social skills they leave use throughout life.Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, twain currently and longer term.For a child that is experiencing problems with speech, language andcommunication it can affect a lot of aspects of their development social, behaviour, aroused and learning will all be impacted. In most cases a child will catch up but this is not al ways the case and could lead to difficulties throughout their life.With approximately children their disability cannot be prevented, but early intervention is just as vital as those with less severe difficulties to help give a child the best possible support that they need. The impact of these difficulties will vary according to the severity of the problem. Early identification is paramount to offer a child as much help to develop their skills as much as possible.Short term affectsFrustration A child will become easily cross at not beingness able to tell you what they want or if whateverthing is upsetting them.Anger A child will easily become wroth at being unable to communicate their needs.Withdrawn A child may keep an eye onm withdrawn and tend to die firm by themselves more. Understanding games and p identify their peers are doing will be difficult for them to understand.Low levels of confidence A child may lose confidence in themselves. They wont have to confidence to approach others as they dont have the communication skills to be understood.Difficulties in friendships (socialising) A child may be left seat as their peers communicate and build relationships.Difficulties in learning new information Lack of communication will leave a child finding it hard to learn new information. Listening to game rules and adapting them into practice will be difficult and the child may not have the abili ty to exact for help or for the instructions to be repeated.Unwanted behaviour They may be labelled naughty from acting out but the problem could be stemming from foiling on not being able to articulate their needs. Or they may not have understood the verbal instructions given and labelled as being defiant or thought to be misbehaving.Longer term affectsLower self-esteem Lack of speech, language and communication skills may leave an adult with low self-esteem. bequeath find it hard to achieve a career, social life and may feel isolated to the outside world.Not achieved their potential Will find following whatsoever career hard to do. May not have done well in school.Find it hard to make and insist relationships May find it hard to achieve any friendship. May have neer bond a relationship or family life.Become isolated If never found solid friendship or a career, may feel isolated at home. Money and lack of friendship may restrict any outings.Not reach independence Lack of emp loyment may have never given them the freedom to leave the family home.Developed anti-social behaviour in some cases High levels of speech, language and communication difficulties are found among the young offender population (Bryan, 2004).Low education, speech and literacy difficulties are risk factors for offending (Tomblin, 2000).A somebody with speech language and communication skills can have a huge impact on literacy development, Academic achievement, social relationships and personal skills, self-esteem and confidence levels, emotional and behaviour. This can impact further on employment, socialising, and everyday lifechances.Understand the importance and the benefits of adults supporting the speech, language and communication development of the children in own setting.Explain the ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during early years.There are a number of ways an adult can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development with children during the early years. As a childcare practitioner I need to adapt my own language to the ability and age of the child. If a child uses English as a second language or not to that extent using speech themselves, I may point to an object and simply say what it is. When oblation them a piece of apple at snack, I may just offer it out to the child and say apple. or when it is nap time and placing them on their sleep mat, simply say nap time. or lay down. if they keep exitting up. I may accompany that with an action as if I was laying down too. When a child passes me an item or dally I would say what the item is. Say if a child passes me a car I would say car.This gives the child an opportunity to repeat the word guts to me and start to recognise what the item is. A child I go to after needs daily cream on his skin. When it comes to time for me to put it on, I always smile and say *his name* cream he sta rted by smiling and repeating this back. Now as soon as I turn the cream out he says it before I do. This has helped him understand its his cream and seems to put him more at ease when I do kick in it. Singing and action songs help bring on a childs speech, they will start by listening, in time start to follow the actions and later on start singing some of the words which will eventually lead to singing the full song.For instance wheels on the bus is sing most days with-in nursery. A child may start doing the actions for the doors open and fold, or the horn goes beep, beep, beep. In time they will sing open and shut and beep, beep, beep along with the action for the song. There was one child in nursery that used to sing all day long at hit-or-miss intervals throughout the day. When I heard him sing this, I used to try and sing the song and involve the other children too.As a child starts to uprise older Ill use simple sentences. Instead of just holding out a piece of apple and saying apple. I will ask would you like some apple? when passing over the apple say thank you. And encourage the child to say thank you too. When a child is contend with some bricks try to ask what theyre building. Or if theyre a little younger say are you building? always giving a child an opportunity to reply and never replying for them.This helps a child learn simple conversation skills. Copying and extending helps when developing childrens speech skills. Say if a child points to a car and says car say yes, it is a yellow car. I could try and say is it a fast car? to try and encourage a reply from the child, even a yes or no is a good start in early years communication. If theyre more go I would say do you think it is a fast car? and try to promote a conversation with the child.Looking through books and reading is other way to support speech, language and communication skills. For a baby, I would read the story and just point to the pictures and say what the object is or the name of the character. As they get a little older, ask them to point to the object or character where is the balloon? As they progress I may ask them what just happened in the story, the questions getting more advanced as the childs skills develop.From reception age in school, children are given books to take home to read. This act helps parents get involved in their childs development. I try to encourage the parent to ask their child questions while reading the book. This helps the parent to see if their child is understanding the story theyre reading and also promotes communication skills for the child. Homework is also given to the child and the same rule applied, Ive asked the parents to look through the homework after a child has finished or while theyre still doing the homework. Encourage parents to play games with the children. If a child has oddly enjoyed playing a game that afternoon, say a game of snap. Tell the parents and mention it may be fun to do at home if they get the chance. A child will communicate and talk more while having fun.Explain the validatory effects of adult support for the children and their carers.As a practitioner I need to make positive, professional relationships with a childs carer. There should be a two-way flow of knowledge and information mingled with parents and myself about their childs speech, language and communication development. For example, a setting needs to know the words or gestures that a child uses at home, and parents will appreciate being told about the rhymes and songs that their child enjoys in nursery so that they can repeat them at home. You should be celebrating each childs successes with parents, being enthusiastic and sharing the high aspirations you have for their childs progress. Parents should be confidently contributing to their childs learning and development record and being kept well informed about their childs progress.As a practitioner I need to make sure that hand gestures and signals are the same as the ones being used at home. I dont want to be using one signal for lunchtime and the childs carer is using a different one at home. This would lead to confusion for the child and could possibly hinder their learning. A parent will more than likely be happy to run through what they do at home and will also help to build the parents confidence in what Im doing to help the child achieve their communication skills goals. We need to be singing from the same sheet to help the child as much as possible.I need to demonstrate to parents that their contributions are valued. For example, I need to think carefully about how I would respond, both verbally and non-verbally, to a parent who tells me that their child knows all the words to The Wheels on the Bus when I know that in the setting the child doesnt join in at all. Do I think Im not sure thats true while saying to the parent oh yes in a noncommittal way, or do I ask them what other rhymes the child likes to sing, make a note of them and then reflect on what may be inhibiting the child from singing in the setting?An effective setting should be sharing its good practice with parents, and also indicating to them where they can receive extra support or advice about childrens speech, language and communication development. Most childrenscentres provide support groups or training for parents.Basically the support I give to a child and their carer, whether it be advice on how to promote speech, language communication at home, just listening to what a parent says about their child and being a friendly ear, offering help in finding a support group or training can have an impact on a childs future and help a parent/carer to help/guide their child to the childs full capabilities. If a parent feels confident in what Im doing just a child will, theyll talk more to me and we can together make their childs learning journey a positive one.Explain how levels of speech and language development vary between children ente ring early years provision and need to be taken into account during subsiding in and planning.Every child is different and children learn at different speeds, not only this but the personality of a child needs to be taken into account. Some children are very daring and upfront, while others may be a little shy and not want to jump into an action at law at first, may need a little coaxing.Before a childs first day, I should have met the parents, they come for an initial one hour visit with their child, this gives me a chance to speak and meet the parents/carers as well as the child. Gives me chance to find out a little more about the child, what stage they may be at and I can see how they get themselves around the nursery. This is also day one of building a relationship with the parent and child. This meeting gives me a chance to plan on the childs second visit which is a hour on their own in the room. I will have an idea if the child needs me to sit with them, maybe just read a st ory or play a game. provide to comfort them and distract them from the fact their carer is not there. Or if the child is very outgoing, they may prefer this first opportunity to explore the room, play with the other children. In this case I would try to set up a group activity, for example get out some paper and crayons or open the grit pit. In both cases I will try to get as much information as I can via an activity to find more out about what learning stage a child is at so that I can plan for when they start nurserywhat I need to be doing.One child may start nursery knowing basic language skills, be able to say Mum Dad simple machine Cat Dog ect Another of the same age may just be babbling or may even not be saying anything at all yet. It is important I e.stablish pretty quickly where a child is, to help them achieve their next stage.

The financial and economic system of Georgia

Since the 1990s, tabun as practically all of the post-communist rural aras started its ain way of sparing reforms. Unlike the other states, nevertheless, the procedure turned particularly hard for tabun because of economic and more signifi johntly non economic factors such as 20 old ages of loyal and civil wars, an utmost rise in offense nation-wide, energy and conveyance encirclements and a revolution. It was constructing both an independent economic establishment and an independent commonwealth at the same clip. Through this background, it is natural that the break of right execution of economic reforms was rather low, particularly when none of the states in the universe had the relevant experience.Previously, the Constitution of gallium stated that the state was constructing a social market economic corpse , but since 2003, Georgia s economic reforms have become importantly aggressive and today the economic reforms are found upon broad and libertarian political orientations.Georgia achieved high ordains of economic increase during last old ages although the Russian-Georgian war and particularly, the planetary monetary crisis has caused a crisp diminution in the evolution rates whilst the job of economic stabilisation and farther growing still persists.3.1. The Course of Economic Reforms of GeorgiaFrom Independence to the Rose Revolution subsequently declaring its independency Georgia has launched the building of its province Georgian governments officially acknowledged that the execution of economic reforms would get down. Unfortunately nevertheless, neither the paid experience, nor the local surround provided the chance for implementing the economic reforms.The source old ages of economic reforms had tragic effects for Georgia. The putsch of 1991-92 together with economic and political encirclements, a deficiency of relevant professional staff, high corruptness, a serious condemnable state of affairs and populist motions badl y hampered the execution of a consistent and stable policy of economic reforms.Georgia at the same time started monetary stabilisation, monetary value liberalisation and the decrease of budget shortage, the execution of a rigorous acquaintance policy either bit good as an debut of a moderate revenue enhancement arrangement and the decrease of province outgos. However, several of import factors were non taken into consideration. organization in general, did nt hold existent macroeconomic tools and its ain pecuniary system or existent levers to implement a tax-budgetary policy and alternatively of situated uping such tools it started to implement new political relations without any due readying. Because of the above mentioned grounds together with belligerencies, conveyance, economic and energy encirclements, it had no important consequence in the state s development. And since Georgia had no currency of its ain and, severally, no emitter, it would hold failed to take steps nec essary for reforms. Neither its bletherle experience nor its fiscal province enabled Georgia to transport out these procedures independently, therefore it applied to inter matter fiscal organisations for aid in peculiar, to the supranational Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World chamfer ( WB ) , which mostly contributed to state s policy formation. As a consequence, the province started to believe over a limitation of the monopolizer activities, although save managed to set the anti-monopolist statute law into force several old ages subsequently.Despite the aid of international organisations, Georgia have failed to implement an effectual pecuniary policy as despite the Cold War with Russia during that time period ( which in 2008 exploded into existent belligerencies every bit good as suspending diplomatic and other dealingss between these two states ) , it was still the dominant power for the economic system. Money supply in Georgia depended on Russia s cardinal number bank a nd, hence, one of the cardinal levers of the state s economic development remained in its custodies ( Papava, 1996 ) . Although the Georgian Government was occupied with faulting Russia for its ain jobs and such acquisitions were frequently really just it did non anticipate that it would be unable(p) to have currency notes from Moscow. And when eventually Russian governments suspended money supplies to Georgia in April 1993, the Georgian governments were forced to set the voucher of the subject area Bank of Georgia, as a impermanent currency note into circulation. The voucher was put into circulation as a representative of Russian ruble and was declared as the lone healthy payment instrument, aft(prenominal) Russia withdraw the disintegrated Soviet Union s rouble from circulation in July-August 1993.Coupon shortly failed to execute its pecuniary maps, as its uncontrolled realization emanation caused hyperinflation processes. The graduated tables of utilizing the Russian ruble were increasing whilst the USD alike started to increase in Georgia under conditions of a rapid lessening in the buy power of the rouble. In fact, the voucher was merely suited for paying subway menus and purchasing rationed staff of breeding.In 1994 a new phase of economic reforms was followed by regenerating the cooperation with international fiscal organisations together with acceptance of the anti-crisis plan. A certain success was achieved at the really get pour down. The international fiscal organisations actively began to help the Georgian governments in the successful execution of the post-communist transmutation ( Papava, 2002 ) . From spring 1994, uncontrolled identification emanation was ruled out and in fall 1994, the National Bank of Georgia abolished the limitations on taking hard currency from Bankss. As a consequence, hard currency and non hard currency money were drawn ofttimes closer. In September 1994, the monetary values on gas and electricity increased up to an international degree, eyepatch the monetary value of staff of life increased by 285 times. The metro menu besides increased world-shatteringly. The wages of public functionaries and pensions besides increased although the rate of their growing meaningly dragged behind the growing rates.These developments were followed by a important strengthening of the Georgian voucher rate. If before the addition in the monetary value of bread one dollar was equal to 5.3 zillion vouchers, after the addition one dollar equaled 2.4 million vouchers. This procedure continued. By the terminal of 1994, the monetary value of staff of life increased by 40 per centum which was the consequence of more stabilising the voucher rate, when one dollar was equal to 1.3 million vouchers and with this rate maintained until the terminal of its being.The procedure of the simplification of the bing licensing mechanism began from January 1995, when the quota system was abolished whilst licensing was maintai ned merely on little scope of merchandises. This promoted the constitution of a broad condescension policy and the restriction of a corrupted environment. Together with this, it put for the constitution of existent market dealingss in which come ining or go forthing the markets no longer depended upon any functionary.The procedure of vaucherisation was launched in Georgia in 1995. This can be considered as a traditional measure in the denationalization procedure which has been carried out in many post-communist states. This procedure played a farther negative function in respects to economic resurgence. Fabrication and production was non transferred to those who would be able to present and supply for the betterment of technological procedures in attention and stimulate production. Alternatively, workss and mills were given to those who were non able to pull investitures for seting them into operation.Important stairss have taken towards the formation of independent economic s ystem in Georgia in 1995. A legal model relevant to market economic rules was created, a two-tier banking system, revenue enhancement and imposts services were established fiscal stabilisation was achieved and eventually the national currency was introduced order and subject were restored, the procedure of little denationalization was fundamentally completed and monetary values, trade and foreign economic dealingss were liberalized. These led to the creative natural process of a concern environment finally necessary for advancing the development of entrepreneurship in Georgia which in bend, provided farther accelerated development of the state s economic system.The successful execution of pecuniary and financial reforms started with presenting Georgian national currency the lari in September 1995. The lari was introduced with a fixed flip rate of 1 lari equal to 1 million vouchers, as 1 USD equal to 1.3 lari. The pecuniary reform did non reiterate the same errors as in the period of vouchers. No arrogation step was used during the reform which promoted assurance edifice amongst the people the lari gained its foothold really quickly. A month after presenting the national currency, the lari s rate increased at the Tbilisi Interbank Currency Exchange from 1.3 to 1.25 against the USD. As a consequence of a flexible policy, Georgia managed to get the better of the multi-rate pattern and completed currency rate fusion.Unfortunately, 1998 was marked with certain holds in the procedure of the execution of economic reforms which reduced economic growing rates and resulted in the start of a period of stagnancy for the Georgian economic system. However, the 2003 Rose Revolution brought an terminal to this period with economic procedures, including reforms, get downing to develop really rapidly.Economic Reforms after the Rose RevolutionFrom the beginning of 2004 Georgia had been set uping the institutional base for market economic system canon which was similar to those in other European provinces. Georgia has experienced extremist economic reforms which were often expressed by the abolishing of ordinance mechanisms by the province. Several province bureaus were abolished in 2004, including the Road Fund, The Ministry of Communication, Transport and Post the Ministry of Urbanization and Construction the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Foreign Economic Relations the Ministry of State Property Management the aid for Food Expertise and Monitoring the Service for Plant Protection, Livestock Pedigree Department of Georgia Precious Stones and Metals Department the State employment Service, Food asylum Inspection Phyto-Sanitary Control and the Transport Regulatory Commission, amongst others. Simultaneously, building processs were besides significantly simplified. The list of those activities which required licensing in Georgia besides decreased significantly from 900 activities to merely 114. Size and weight control, licence and license o n veterinary activity every bit good as licence on production and trade in pesticides were abolished.An analysis of the structural alterations which were carried out in Georgia during last seven old ages shows that the end of these alterations has been full economic deregulating. A expression finished the history of the development of independent Georgia s economic establishments shows that National Bank of Georgia has been one of the most successful regulative establishments. The fact, that Georgia has a national currency, which maintains its places, and that the Georgian banking system has managed to get the better of a great trade of troubles is one of the virtues of the National Bank.It is highly of import to further open up the state s economic policy so that investors are willing to put in Georgia. Those enterprises, which were unveiled by the President of Georgia last October, are efforts to develop events in this way.Analysis of Macroeconomic IndexsBefore the decomposition of the Soviet Union, Georgia had one of the highest criterions of life. Later, in 1990, the economic state of affairs significantly worsened. Georgian economic system had a 21.9 per centum diminution in 1991as compared to 1990. The procedure of decomposition of the Soviet Union continued in 1992, accompanied by the most serious socio-economic, condemnable inbred political and other negative developments in Georgia. As a consequence the existent GDP farther decreased by 44.9 per centum as compared to 1991 and amounted to 43.47 per centum as compared to 1990. It should besides be noted that the procedure of economic diminution became irreversible from 1989. The state of affairs did non alteration in 1993 when Georgia passed through an highly hard period of armed struggle in Abkhazia, a conveyance encirclement, the uncontrolled emanation of vouchers, hyperinflation and a farther diminution of GDP by 29.3 per centum. Finally, the GDP amounted to merely 30.73 per centum as compared to 1 990.In 1990, the degree of employment reached 100 per centum in Georgia. In 1991, the official figure of unemployed was 3,500, it increased 32 times and amounted 113,000 individuals in 1992 and rose farther by 60 per centum and amounted to 180,000 individuals in 1993. Harmonizing to the current functionary informations, there are 330,000 unemployed individuals in Georgia. Harmonizing to the same official statistical informations, the rising prices rate exceeded 7,840 % in 1994, while after a 3.5 fold lessening in GDP during 1989-1993 it decreased by 10.4 per centum once more and equaled to a backward diminution by 25-30 old ages. In 1995, farther production outgo was stopped and GDP was achieved to increase by 2.6 per centum. And what is more of import, from 7,841 per centum rising prices, as it was in 1994, in 1995 it amounted 157.4 per centum merely. peculiarly high rates of development is socio-economic domain was achieved in 1996-1997, when GDP increased about by 24 per centum. More convincing consequences were achieved during 1996-1997 sing rising prices, whose parametric quantities significantly determine the cardinal consequences of a state s economic development. In peculiar, the rate of rising prices was 13.5 per centum in 1996 and 7.3 per centum in 1997 which was 1.1 per centum and 0.6 per centum per month, severally. All of these had a electropositive consequence upon set uping a favourable economic environment for concern development.Table 1. Key Macroeconomic Parameters19961997199819992000200120022003GDP at Market Prices ( million gelatine )3 868,54 554,95 022,15 668,76 043,16 674,07 456,08 564,1GDP per capita ( GEL )827,6999,21 114,81 268,21 362,51 516,31 705,61 972,1GDP per capita ( USD )655,6770,2800,7629,6689,7731,8777,3919,0GDP million USD3 064,63 510,73 606,92 814,13 059,13 221,03 397,83 990,8Exchange rate ( GEL USD )1,26231,29741,39242,01441,97552,07202,19442,1459Economic Growth110,5103,1102,9101,8104,8105,5111,1GDP deflator106,5106,9109, 6104,6105,3106,0103,3200420052006200720082009GDP at Market Prices ( million GEL )9 824,311 620,913 789,916 993,819 074,917 948,6GDP per capita ( GEL )2 276,72 689,13 133,13 866,94 352,94 092,8GDP per capita ( USD )1 187,61 483,51 763,52 314,62 921,12 450,1GDP million USD5 124,76 411,07 761,710 171,912 800,510 744,7Exchange rate ( GEL USD )1,91701,81271,77671,67071,49021,6705Economic Growth105,9109,6109,4112,3102,396,1GDP deflator108,1107,9108,5109,7109,798,0State Debt of Georgia ( million GEL )4,155.53,509.02,954.23,015.34,407.45,927.4 line of descent National Statistics Office of GeorgiaIn 1998-2002, the rates of economic growing decreased to an mean 2 per centum per twelvemonth. However, despite the most hard state of affairs, in 2003, the economic growing rate exceeded 10 per centum. In the following(prenominal) old ages, if we do non see the period 2008-2009, the economic growing rates were highly high. As a consequence of the Russian aggression in August 2008, the state s econo mic system still increased by 1.9 per centum, but the undermentioned twelvemonth 2009 was distinguished by the economic lessening of 3.9 per centum for the first clip since 1995. It should be noted that province and private givers pledged 4.5 billion USD by which significantly reduced the extent of the economic recession.4Chart 1. Dynamicss of Key Macroeconomic ParametersBeginning National Statistics Office of GeorgiaMonetary values were more or less stable from 1995. As for the exchange rate, if before 1995 the voucher exchange rate was equal to 1 USD against 5.3 million vouchers, the lari has been characterized with a important stableness. The inclination of the addition in its rate was seen in 2004, although the exchange rate started to fall once more from 2007.Table 2. Exchange RatessUSD/GELEUR/GELRUB/GEL terminate of periodMiddle of periodEnd of periodMiddle of periodEnd of periodMiddle of period20012,06002,07201,81881,85730,06830,071020022,09002,19442,17632,07350,06580,070020 032,07502,14592,59202,42370,07040,070020041,82501,91702,48502,38130,06580,066520051,79251,81272,12452,26000,06230,064120061,71501,77672,25452,22900,06510,065420071,59161,67072,33152,28590,06490,065320081,66701,49022,36482,18860,05670,060120091,68581,67052,41952,33070,05570,0529Beginning National Statistics Office of GeorgiaDespite theGrowth and External PerformanceEconomic recovery is acquiring stronger, with existent GDP growing of 6.6 per centum in the first half(prenominal) of 2010. This follows a contraction of 3.9 per centum in 2009 because of the dazes of the August 2008 struggle and the planetary economic crisis. Real economic activity is deriving strength in 2010, with growing in exports, worker remittals, existent estate minutess, building licenses and vehicle enrollments. Compared with the last twelvemonth, VAT turnover increased by 7 per centum and amounted 27 per centum.During the first half of 2010 exports were up to 40 per centum while imports amounted merely 12 per c entum. At the same period private investings have benefited from a pickup in bank landing, while FDI influxs are still below pre crisis degrees, but betterments are expected. The economic system is predicted to turn by 4-5 per centum during 2011-2013, where growing is expected to come from higher exports and private investing supported by a pickup in bank loaning. Exports will be chiefly with metal merchandises, vinos, fruits and nuts, besides repaired and re-exported autos and expected to play a cardinal function in its recovery from 29.8 per centum of GDP in 2009 to 38 per centum during 2011-2013 As for the services side conveyance and touristry will besides play a important function ( World Bank, 2010 ) .4. Finance and the Role of BankingIn Georgia fiscal system is chiefly based on the banking sector, which is reflected with the mobilisation of the fundss and their formation into investing beginnings by agencies of the banking establishments. Harmonizing to this, banking system plays an of import function in increasing the gait of Georgian economic system. The Bankss operate in conformity with modern market theoretical count in every regard. An active engagement of the Georgian Bankss helps the little and average sized concern development in the state.Georgia have done incapacitated of success in developing its fiscal sector during last old ages after its independency, nevertheless external factors have hampered states development to some extent late, which reflected on Georgia s economic system and accordingly on its fiscal sector. Nowadays, positive alterations are being implemented which gives us the possibility to assume, that the fiscal system will farther develop and advance county s economic development.Development of the Financial System in GeorgiaFor the last 10 old ages, the fiscal system of Georgia has experienced important alterations. After declaring its independency, really from zero, began creative activity of fiscal substructure. The Nat ional Bank of Georgia ( NBG ) has been created the national currency Georgian Lari ( GEL ) has been issued the commercial Bankss have been certified ( At the same clip the figure of Bankss was decreased 10 times ) . Except banking system, the fiscal system includes other fiscal establishments. In 2010 in Georgia 19 Commercial Bankss operated, from which 16 are runing with the foreign capital engagement. As for non-banking depositary establishments, there are 47 microfinance organisations ( MFO ) , 18 recognition brotherhoods 1,334 exchange agency 24 money remittal service suppliers 16 insurance companies 6 pension financess and 1 stock exchange. Among these fiscal establishments most paid and of import for fiscal sector is the banking system.Banking in GeorgiaIn order to make the conditions for the right operation of the banking sector NBG cares about the execution of demands set by the Euro directives and Basel rules. Besides, for the straight-forward development of the ban king sector, the unvarying betterment of the different hazards administration mechanisms by the market participants commercial Bankss is besides indispensable. As a whole, the present state of affairs provides maximal chances for implementing new banking merchandises. Banking system, sing its gait of development and inclinations, could be regarded as dynamically developing system.Compared to other sections of fiscal sector of Georgian economic system, the banking system is instead more developed. Nowadays, recognition is allocated on market footings, and the authorities does non have commercial Banks. Hence, the competition in banking domain is strong plenty. Banks try to offer as big spectrum of services as possible.The fiscal system is get downing to mend. Refer about systematic hazard has been diminished. And overall loaning conditions have started to better. We have already seen a significant sum of accommodation in our fiscal system. Leverage has declined. Banks are funding t hemselves more cautiously. These are necessary alterations, and there is more reconstituting in front for the fiscal sector as a whole. But a significant division of the accommodation procedure is now behind us.Fiscal establishments constitute an of import portion of Georgian economic system.AbbreviationsNBG the National Bank of GeorgiaGEL Georgian LariMFO Microfinance OrganizationsVAT Value Added TaxFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentIMF International Monetary FundWB World Bank

Juvenile Justice Essay

The Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Adult court clay have many simalities and differences. While the Juvenile Justice system is more than concerned with rehabilitation of the Juvenile so he wont contine with more crime when he become an bragging(a) , the adult court sytem is understanding look to punish the adults with more harsh time, and consequences. They share similarlites such as procedural safeguards to protect their recompenses and also they both have the right to councel to help defend they self. thus far though both court system are ment to rehabilate and punish or detour criminal from more crimal behavior we need they both to keep the States safe and to contine our pursuit of happiness. The juvenile justice system and the adult justice system share their commonalities and differences. For example, the juvenile justice system makes it the point to rehabilitate quite of punishing juvenile delinquents. However, one must take into consideration that punishment is st ill a feasible concept within the juvenile system, but it is use prudently as a last resort.In instances of punishment for a teenager who is accused of an atrocious crime, he or she whitethorn be attempt as an adult (Goldstein, 2007). According to Dr. Goldstein (2007) there are whatsoever similarities between the two justice systems as he states that the police, judiciary, and corrections have discretion coition to decision making in both systems. For those adults and juveniles that admit guilt there is a system of procedural safeguards to protect their rights. Additionally, other commonalities between the age spaced groups include plea bargaining, as well as the right to hearings and appeals. However, when adults are tried for crimes, they are tried in the adult court, while juveniles are tried in the juvenile court. Other differences exist, as Goldstein (2007) further states that juvenile proceedings are not viewed as criminal, and that juvenile records, court hearings, etc. are underground and not normally accessible adult records are public. Most juveniles receive probation after conviction and the juvenile system in total is much resembling the intermediate sanctions of adult corrections.Once a juvenile offender is placed on probation he/she will be ordered to participate in some educational, counseling or restitution programs while on probation. Probation officers attend the schools the juveniles attend, to minimize the potential for more criminal activity (Clear T. Cole G. Reisig M. 2009).The juvenile correctional system warrants and receives more attention than the adult systems. Why not nip crime in the butt when it is present in younger offenders to minimize the potential of future(a) criminals? When young children see that they have time to reform and live a better life, I believe for the most part they will. Both juveniles and adults have the right to counsel in court proceedings. Nevertheless, juveniles may be represented by court appointe d advocates who look out for the juveniles best interest, as a parent would for his or her child with right ways to help the child rehabilitate.In the case of adult trials, court appointed advocates may be representing the accused, but the best interest lies in reducing or foregoing the sentence, not rehabilitate (Goldstein, 2007). In the cases of both groups, a traditional counsel may be hired to represent the individual While due process is given to all (juveniles and adults alike), juvenile offenders seem to be helped out more than adult offenders. Also, children tried as juveniles cannot be sentenced to adult jails or prisons. There are many debates over these and the other aforementioned practices, with critics and proponents on all issues, but I personally think the system is good and it can only get better with time.

Grennell Farm

Introduction Grennell mature is a corporation that is engaged in the production of wheat. Located in Iowa, the 2,000-acre farm was established by Jeremiah Grennell more than 20 years ago. The sudden demise of its founder has led the farm to be transferred to the leadership of, Mr. Grennells niece and chosen heir, Denise Grey. She was informed of her inheritance early in 2010. Ms. Grey works as an AVP in the consumer credit of a large New York bank. With the huge distance between Iowa and New York, she is carefully study the advantages and disadvantages of retaining the farms ownership.This case presents the basic business financial flows of Grennell Farm for the year 2009 and the events that she had to deal with regarding the caution of the business. QUESTION 2 The price per acre for the land was used as the basis for recommending whether Denise Grey should sell the land. base on the comparison, it is advisable to sell 100 acres of Grennell Farm because the price per acre of $2 250 is significantly higher than the overlord price ($187. 0) and the appraised price ($1050). QUESTION 3 It would also help Denise Grey to evaluate the farms profitability and sustainability based on the following risks, liabilities and responsibilities, many of which are unknown based on the data given in the problem. Examples as follows Tax liability Revenue gains may not be pecuniary Risk of loss due to bad debts Replacement of buildings and machinery Responsibility for the next seasons (2010) expenses

Walmart and Target a Closer Look at Strategic Interaction

Main topic Walmart and home run A closer look at strategical inter carry through Maastricht University School of concern and economic science Maastricht, 4th December 2011 Bastian Hauk, BH ID number i6034999 Study International Business Course Code EBC1009 Economics & Business Group Number 31 Economics Tutor Khan Writing Tutor Hetty Bennink Writing appointee Main Paper Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 2. Economic Principle Game conjecture 3. Applied Economic Principles 3. 1. Theory of Game for concurrently conclusion Making 3. 2. The extended Version for serial Decision Making 4. Conclusion References 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 Introduction In the United States of America on that point ar only two very long-familiar discount retailers buttocks and Walmart. two be currently operating all over the country which places for each(prenominal) one of them among the biggest corporations in the United States. Nearly every American has been to at least(prenominal) one of them becau se they sell to the elevatedest degree everything and E. Basker described this service one-stop shopping (2007). In 2007, Walmart operated more than 3,400 stores across the USA and a survey studyed that by the end of 2005 46 percent of Americans lived within 5 miles of the ne arst store within 15 miles change surface 88 percent (Basker, 2007). come out operated 1,750 stores in January 2011 (Target Corp. , 2011). Since their wide range of products is preferably similar they are large competitors. Thus, they are constantly waging price war against each otherwise. In addition, they urinate use of strategic interaction and in particular of game theory which is a mathematical model describing a decisionmaking process and showing how the shammers moderate diametrical decisions that potencyly affect each others interests (von Stenge, & Turocy, 2001). This paper analyses strategic interaction between Walmart and Target with respect to the game theory and the extended magnetic d eclination.In order to do so it introduces first the theoretic footing of strategic interaction. Afterwards it applies game theory and the extended version to this fiber in order to show the impact of strategic interaction on two discount retailers. It concludes by stating the importance of strategic interaction to optimal decision making and its relevance for Walmart and Target. 2 Economic principles game theory and extended version The theory of games describes certain concepts in which several fakes influence each others decisions in situations of divergence and competition (Moffatt, 2011).In order to apply game theory there must be at least two players. The three basic elements of a game are the player, the strategies he can carry from and the payoffs the players fulfill from each combination of outline. The payoff matrix describes the outcomes in a certain game for each feasible combination of strategies as shown in Figure 2. 1. 2 Player One scheme 1 Strategy 1 issu ance Player 1 Strategy 2 consequent Player 1 Outcome Player Two Strategy 2 Player 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Figure 2. 1 Payoff matrix for a two player game Outcome Player 2If one player used a predominant strategy, his pick yields a higher payoff, regardless what the other player does and as a result he has no incentive to change his strategy. For this fount, player ones dominant strategy would be strategy one if he throwd a higher outcome no matter which strategy player two chooses, but only if he then receives the highest payout. There are too some particular outcomes for example the Nash equilibrium which occurs when any combination of strategies is the beat out strategy with the exceed likely outcome for all players (McDowell, Thom, Frank, & Bernanke, 009). An outcome created by two dominant strategies which is worse than the outcome created by two dominate strategies is called prisoners dilemma. The prisoners dilemma only oc curs when each players dominant strategy results in a smaller payoff than it would have if they had chosen the henpecked strategy. Game theory also assumes that the decisions are made simultaneously. To illustrate a game in which the players specify interdependent, the economist uses the extended version of game theory which is displayed with a game tree (McDowell, Thom, Frank, & Bernanke, 2009). Company 1 Decision motion A or Action B Action A Company 2 Decision Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Action D Action B Company 2 Decision Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Action D Figure 2. 2 Decision tree Figure 2. 2 is an example of a game tree. Company 1 first decides which action they will take, which can be either A or B. Company 2 then has the choice how they want to fight back and whether they take action C or D. The best outcome can only be achieved with a backward nduction as a result of evaluating the results first and afterwards predicting the other players strategy. For example, outcome 3 would be the best outcome for caller 2 if company 1 chose action B and therefore company 2 chooses action C. Outcome 2 would gain the highest derive for company 2 if company 1 took action A. 3 Applied Economic Principles 3. 1 Theory of game for simultaneously decision making As stated in the introduction this two very large American retailers are competitors and have a very similar customer base.The income of Targets customer base is slightly higher but it is not pertinent for strategic interaction (Neuman, 2011). Theory of game helps to understand the dissimilar prices and how the different price strategies affect consumer behavior. This example is not based on any specific data. However, it is logic for somebody unstrained to buy a certain good to substitute the same good with an identical one if the price is small(a)er and there are not any additional efforts to make. By applying game theory, the three basic elements have to b e clear. 4 Walmart and Target are the players.Different pricing of a certain product -a television- are the strategies while the different profits are the results of each combination of the strategies. Both companies have two pricing strategies either to pick a low price of 300 or a high price of 500. They have to make the decision simultaneously, for instance before they release the television to the commercialize. It is important to know that the customers are also willing to purchase the television for the high price. Target High Price (500) High Price (500) Walmart Walmart sacks 10,000 profit lower-ranking Price (300) Walmart earns 15,000 profit Figure 3. Payoff matrix for Walmart and Target Figure 3. 1 shows a potential payoff matrix for this strategic interaction. It shows all possible outcomes for the two pricing strategies. Walmart and Target would both(prenominal) make 10,000 profit if they charged the high price and 7,500 profit if they charged the low price. If Walm art chose the low pricing strategy and Target used the high pricing strategy Walmart would gain 15,000 compared to the 5,000 profit Target would make. Target also makes 15,000 profit using the low price if Walmart decides to charge the high price.What does that mean for both companies? Since both of them would earn a higher profit by setting the price low in this scenario, both companies would choose Low Price as a dominant strategy. On the contrary, High Price would be the dominated strategy. Nash equilibrium can be found when both companies pick the low price strategy because they get dressedt have an incentive to change their strategy. This payoff 5 Low (300) Target earns 15,000 profit Walmart earns 5,000 profit Target earns 7,500 profit Walmart earns 7,500 profitTarget earns 10,000 profit Target earns 5,000 profit matrix also shows that the strategy combination of high price and high price would be the best possible outcome for both firms. But rather than applying the dominate d strategy Walmart and Target use the dominant strategy. This dilemma is called prisoners dilemma. Those dilemmas exist quite often and there are many reasons why they exist, for instance, both companies do not want the other one to make a higher profit or even to have the chance to receive a higher profit. 3. 2.The extended version for consecutive decision making Therefore Target and Walmart act and might change the strategy they had choosen. Both competitors often change their strategies. Although Singh (2006) stated that prices at Walmart are to the highest degree 15 percent lower than in traditional supermarkets, Neuman (2011) proved by comparing almost 60 items that Targets prices were a bit lower than Walmarts. It is hard to rely on data which are released with a 5 year time difference but it shows that both firms constantly adjust the prices to be competitive.High Price Target High Price Walmart Low Price 10,000 for Target 10,000 for Walmart 15,000 for Target 5,000 for Walm art 5,000 for Target 15,000 for Walmart 7,500 for Target 7,500 for Walmart High Price Low Price Target Low Price Figure 3. 2 Decision Tree for Walmart and Target 6 Since the decisions of both companies are not made simultaneously the reacting firm -in this case Target- has to find out what action to take in order to receive the highest profit for either stir up Walmart makes. Walmart moves first and selects either strategy.Target is in the position to decide and how it wants to react. Thus, Target uses backward induction. First it evaluates the best results for each action Walmart uses 15,000 profit if Walmart sets a high price and 7,500 profit if Walmart sets a low price. Afterwards it chooses the strategy how to get to that profit. Finally Walmart moves and selects the low or the high price strategy and Target is able to react sufficiently. Assume that Walmart chooses the high price strategy then Target sets low prices and due to that Target earns the highest possible profit. Con clusion Walmart and Target are large competitors on the American retailer market and therefore strategic interaction is very important for them. Both companies know the ways to decide how to act concerning different strategies. Both companies know that it is necessary for them to react and choose the best strategy. In the first example both companies simultaneously introduce a television to the market. Their dominant strategy is to set a low price because both of them hope that the other company chooses the high price strategy.This is one example of a free market wherein the customers always choose the low price if available. Walmart and Target would earn a larger profit if both set the high price. In the other case Walmart moves first and afterwards Target chooses the strategy which leads to the highest outcome. The reacting companys best strategy in the extended version of game theory is always the low price strategy. On the contrary, when two companies have to decide simultaneous ly it is not always the best choice to choose the low price strategy although it is their dominant strategy. References Basker, E. (2007). The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Marts Growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (3), 177-198. McDowell, M. , Thom, R. , Frank, R. , & Bernanke, B. (2009). Principles of Economics, second European Edition. Maidenhead, UK McGraw-Hill Education. Moffatt, M. (2008). What are Game Theory and Bargaining Theory? Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http//economics. about. com/cs/studentresources/f/game_theory. htm Neuman, S. (2011). Target Takes Aim At Walmart, With Some Success, NPR. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http//www. pr. org/2011/08/19/139793948/target-takes-aim-at-walmartwith-some-success Singh, V. , Hansen, K. , & Blattberg, R. (2006). A Market Entry and Consumer Behavior An investigation of a Wal-Mart Supercenter. Marketing Science, 25 (5), 457-476 Target Corp. (2011). Target Annual Report 2010. Minnesota, US Target. Retrieved Decemb er 7, 2011 from http//www. sec. gov/ narration/edgar/data/27419/000104746911002032/a2201861z10k. htmbg11101a_main_toc Turocy, T. L, von Stenge, B (2001). Game Theory. Academic Press Limited, 2 (2), 69-73. 10. 1080/07430170152379371 doi 8